Benjamin Graham

Commented by Jens Castner on October 21st, 2026 | 05:20 CEST

Your Formula for Profits: What Are Bargains PayPal, Citigroup and Almonty Really Worth?

• Formula
• Benjamin Graham
• Value investing
• Undervaluation
• Commodities
• Tungsten
• Defence
• Banks
• Fintech
• Paypal
• Citigroup
• Almonty Industries
• Fundamental analysis
• Critical metals
• Growth

The US stock market is widely considered expensive, and bargains have become increasingly rare. Yet based on 2027 earnings estimates, some stocks still trade at a price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio of 10 or lower. Whether this alone constitutes a buy signal can be assessed using a formula developed by investing legend Benjamin Graham. It requires just a few inputs and accounts for what the P/E ratio alone overlooks: growth. Applied to companies such as PayPal, Citigroup and Almonty Industries, it produces some striking results — including the potential for substantial gains.